In order to give meaning to our current fights for justice, we must have context. This context includes the richness and beauty of Black history as well as the history of the the world's racist and oppressive systems. If we are not willing to educate ourselves, we will lack an understanding of exactly what it is we are fighting for, fighting against, and the methods with which to best to dismantle systemic racism. A lot of Black history is simplified or not taught in traditional education. Additionally, much of the history we learn is whitewashed, inaccurate, or misrepresentative. Therefore, it's really important that we take the time to unlearn those parts and depictions of history and actively seek out accurate, historical knowledge. Not knowing history impedes the movement, but when you come across seemingly obvious or important information that you didn't know, don't let that make you feel as though you are incapable of ever knowing enough to help. Let that embarrassment or ignorance you feel push you to learn as much as you can. We've compiled many resources, and will continue to add as we find more because we are all still learning too! Feel free to contact and correct us if anything you see is wrong or lacking important details or to provide us with resources and info you deem relevant and necessary! Education is not a one-person endeavor.
Topics:
I. (un)Learn History
II. Environmental Racism
III. Medical Racism
I. (un)Learn History
II. Environmental Racism
III. Medical Racism
I. (un)Learn History
Image taken from @ogorchukwuu on Instagram
Black Americans are undeniably incarcerated at a much higher rate than any other race, and the Justice System structure was purposefully designed to accomplish that. Of course, crimes exist and definitely need to be punished, but you cannot deny that the history of America has seen some unlawful and unjustifiable punishments towards those who did not deserve it/were set up for it. A documentary that many have watched that explains this in great depth is "13th" available on Netflix and now YOUTUBE for FREE. Maybe watch it again, if you already have.
WATCH "13th" DOCUMENTARY FOR FREE ON YOUTUBE or on Netflix
Click here for the link to FULL youtube video
ALL 4 of us have watched it. its REALLY good.
The Newburgh Sting
The Newburgh Sting refers to the entrapment, arrest and prosecution of the 'Newburgh Four', a hapless band of would-be terrorists, all of whom are now serving long sentences for a conspiracy cooked up and supplied by the FBI and its informant
The HBO documentary USED to be on Youtube 😔 but somebody took it down unfortunately. It's a great documentary and I highly recommend that if you have HBO, you should watch it!
I (Grace) learned about it in college, so I wanted to include my analysis and response to help explain what exactly happened here. I hope this helps!
According to the Sorrells vs. United States case, entrapment "is the conception and planning of an offense by an officer or agent, and the procurement of its commission by one who would not have perpetrated it except for the trickery, persuasion or fraud of the officer or state agent." I believe that the judge accepted that the actions of the four were not politically or religiously fueled. However, she definitely believed that the four men were still dangerous, even if it was not an “authentic” terrorist plot. According to an NPR article, she called them “thugs for hire who were willing to kill and maim and destroy for money”. However, I argue that the sentence of 25 years for the four men was extremely unfair.
I believe that this trial was influenced by FBI schemes to improve public image, discrimination towards African Americans, and fear towards Islam. The FBI treated the four men like fanatics. In the documentary, the FBI was shown verbally confirming that the men were dangerous and did it out of “hate towards the western world”. First, none of the men were even involved with a mosque, besides Cromitie but barely, yet the plot was said to have been hatched in the small Newburgh Mosque where Hussain first recruited Cromitie. In the NPR article, they discuss how although the FBI knew that they had sold the men fake stinger missiles, they called in a bomb squad, blocked off roads with 18 wheelers, and created a theatrical performance. It is true that Cromitie, as it was shown in the documentary, disliked Jews and the fact that they were targeting Riverdale did not help. Cromitie is quoted in a Guardian article saying that “all the evil in this world is due to the Jews”. However, Cromitie also apparently told Hussain that he wanted to kill President Bush “700 times”, alongside numerous lies about being put into jail for bombing and aggravated murder. He obviously didn't do any of the crimes he said he did, and wanted to seem tougher in the face of Hussain, who presented himself as a genuine terrorist. Cromitie is not any more dangerous than one of America’s white extremist groups that still politically thrives to this day, and is arguably less so since he had not committed any of the crimes he claimed he had and had no means to commit crimes in the future due to his poverty and unstable mental state. Hate crimes against African Americans and Muslims go on so prevalently with no intervention comparable to the forces pulled out for the Newburgh Sting. Why should Cromitie's words be ultimately incriminating and indicative of "hate towards the west" when hate speech by white supremacy groups goes unchecked and treated without violence?
Additionally, one of the men had a younger brother with cancer. Another was supposed to be mentally disabled, although he never officially got diagnosed. They clearly did not have the resources nor brainpower to pull this off. There was video footage of them saying in the documentary that they did not want to harm or have any casualties, they just wanted to damage some property and get paid. They were genuinely in it for the “change your life” money.
I agree that the men should have been sentenced to jail time, they were going to use a stinger missile that they believed to be real to attack US property. According to the documentary, involving a stinger missile lands you in at least 25 years of jail, minimum. However, I believe that given the circumstances of the "attack", a lessened sentence should have been given, especially considering Shahed Hussain got to walk off basically free despite orchestrating the entire attack. In his later years after the incident, he has not changed his life into anything newly beneficial.
In October of 2018, a limousine crash that killed 20 people occurred in Schoharie County. The owner of that company happened to be Shahed Hussain. His son is on trial for criminally negligent homicide while Hussain is apparently extremely “hard to pin down” and has not returned to the US since the crash, staying in Pakistan. It was Shahed who did the most harm to America’s communities, yet he walks the freest. Additionally, around the time of the sting, the Tsarnaev brothers resonsible for the Boston Bombings were doing their plotting, and the FBI failed to catch the actual threat. It is understandable that the government is concerned about civilian sentiments about their safety; it does not make sense to have the government systematically create, target, and damage communities while real incidents are happening that are not being prevented. I agree that the four men have to take responsibility for their actions, and even David Williams's mother states that they did deserve a few years for a lack of common sense. After all, they did accept the offer and legally, there must be some ramifications. However, 25 years is more than a quarter of human life. Their trial and decision were less about serving justice and protecting the commonwealth and more about creating a story to bolster FBI image at the expense of impoverished black lives and religious minority communities.
According to the Sorrells vs. United States case, entrapment "is the conception and planning of an offense by an officer or agent, and the procurement of its commission by one who would not have perpetrated it except for the trickery, persuasion or fraud of the officer or state agent." I believe that the judge accepted that the actions of the four were not politically or religiously fueled. However, she definitely believed that the four men were still dangerous, even if it was not an “authentic” terrorist plot. According to an NPR article, she called them “thugs for hire who were willing to kill and maim and destroy for money”. However, I argue that the sentence of 25 years for the four men was extremely unfair.
I believe that this trial was influenced by FBI schemes to improve public image, discrimination towards African Americans, and fear towards Islam. The FBI treated the four men like fanatics. In the documentary, the FBI was shown verbally confirming that the men were dangerous and did it out of “hate towards the western world”. First, none of the men were even involved with a mosque, besides Cromitie but barely, yet the plot was said to have been hatched in the small Newburgh Mosque where Hussain first recruited Cromitie. In the NPR article, they discuss how although the FBI knew that they had sold the men fake stinger missiles, they called in a bomb squad, blocked off roads with 18 wheelers, and created a theatrical performance. It is true that Cromitie, as it was shown in the documentary, disliked Jews and the fact that they were targeting Riverdale did not help. Cromitie is quoted in a Guardian article saying that “all the evil in this world is due to the Jews”. However, Cromitie also apparently told Hussain that he wanted to kill President Bush “700 times”, alongside numerous lies about being put into jail for bombing and aggravated murder. He obviously didn't do any of the crimes he said he did, and wanted to seem tougher in the face of Hussain, who presented himself as a genuine terrorist. Cromitie is not any more dangerous than one of America’s white extremist groups that still politically thrives to this day, and is arguably less so since he had not committed any of the crimes he claimed he had and had no means to commit crimes in the future due to his poverty and unstable mental state. Hate crimes against African Americans and Muslims go on so prevalently with no intervention comparable to the forces pulled out for the Newburgh Sting. Why should Cromitie's words be ultimately incriminating and indicative of "hate towards the west" when hate speech by white supremacy groups goes unchecked and treated without violence?
Additionally, one of the men had a younger brother with cancer. Another was supposed to be mentally disabled, although he never officially got diagnosed. They clearly did not have the resources nor brainpower to pull this off. There was video footage of them saying in the documentary that they did not want to harm or have any casualties, they just wanted to damage some property and get paid. They were genuinely in it for the “change your life” money.
I agree that the men should have been sentenced to jail time, they were going to use a stinger missile that they believed to be real to attack US property. According to the documentary, involving a stinger missile lands you in at least 25 years of jail, minimum. However, I believe that given the circumstances of the "attack", a lessened sentence should have been given, especially considering Shahed Hussain got to walk off basically free despite orchestrating the entire attack. In his later years after the incident, he has not changed his life into anything newly beneficial.
In October of 2018, a limousine crash that killed 20 people occurred in Schoharie County. The owner of that company happened to be Shahed Hussain. His son is on trial for criminally negligent homicide while Hussain is apparently extremely “hard to pin down” and has not returned to the US since the crash, staying in Pakistan. It was Shahed who did the most harm to America’s communities, yet he walks the freest. Additionally, around the time of the sting, the Tsarnaev brothers resonsible for the Boston Bombings were doing their plotting, and the FBI failed to catch the actual threat. It is understandable that the government is concerned about civilian sentiments about their safety; it does not make sense to have the government systematically create, target, and damage communities while real incidents are happening that are not being prevented. I agree that the four men have to take responsibility for their actions, and even David Williams's mother states that they did deserve a few years for a lack of common sense. After all, they did accept the offer and legally, there must be some ramifications. However, 25 years is more than a quarter of human life. Their trial and decision were less about serving justice and protecting the commonwealth and more about creating a story to bolster FBI image at the expense of impoverished black lives and religious minority communities.
Here are links to articles that I read and that could help explain the situation better. Or honestly, wikipedia is pretty good.
The Newburgh Sting
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Newburgh_Sting
'Newburgh Sting': Terrorist Cell, Or Group Sold On A Trap By FBI?
https://www.npr.org/2014/07/18/332636882/newburgh-sting-terrorist-cell-or-group-sold-on-a-trap-by-fbi
Records reveal mysterious life of FBI informant Shahed Hussain
https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Who-is-FBI-informant-Shahed-Hussain-13351511.php
Shop Faked Brake Repairs Before Limo Crash That Killed 20, D.A. Says
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/nyregion/ny-limo-crash-brakes.html
Newburgh Four: poor, black, and jailed under FBI 'entrapment' tactics
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/12/newburgh-four-fbi-entrapment-terror
After heart attack, owner of limo company departed for Pakistan
https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Limo-owner-had-heart-attack-before-going-to-14464350.php
Sorrells v. United States
Legal stuff behind entrapment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrells_v._United_States
The Newburgh Sting
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Newburgh_Sting
'Newburgh Sting': Terrorist Cell, Or Group Sold On A Trap By FBI?
https://www.npr.org/2014/07/18/332636882/newburgh-sting-terrorist-cell-or-group-sold-on-a-trap-by-fbi
Records reveal mysterious life of FBI informant Shahed Hussain
https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Who-is-FBI-informant-Shahed-Hussain-13351511.php
Shop Faked Brake Repairs Before Limo Crash That Killed 20, D.A. Says
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/nyregion/ny-limo-crash-brakes.html
Newburgh Four: poor, black, and jailed under FBI 'entrapment' tactics
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/12/newburgh-four-fbi-entrapment-terror
After heart attack, owner of limo company departed for Pakistan
https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Limo-owner-had-heart-attack-before-going-to-14464350.php
Sorrells v. United States
Legal stuff behind entrapment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrells_v._United_States
The Guardian Article and NPR article are particularly good!
FREE COPIES OF BLACK REVOLUTIONARY TEXTS
get educated
The first link doesn't seem to work anymore, but the second still does, so
click HERE to access
DOZENS of works by some of the greatest thinkers of our time
click HERE to access
DOZENS of works by some of the greatest thinkers of our time
|
|
Photos and caption taken from @tatakpilipino
"Read and educate yourself. Stop asking Black people to teach you and relive their traumas as if it’s something to glorify. True allyship is doing the work and being proactive about being uncomfortable and critically thinking about your own behaviors and thoughts. SHARE SHARE SHARE ‼️‼️‼️
.
Free online PDF copies of several Black revolutionary texts by Black writers and activists. Links on the second slide! 🧡✊🏾
.
If you are able to buy the physical book, do not purchase from Amazon. Support Black writers as directly as you can. Support Black owned bookstores."
"Read and educate yourself. Stop asking Black people to teach you and relive their traumas as if it’s something to glorify. True allyship is doing the work and being proactive about being uncomfortable and critically thinking about your own behaviors and thoughts. SHARE SHARE SHARE ‼️‼️‼️
.
Free online PDF copies of several Black revolutionary texts by Black writers and activists. Links on the second slide! 🧡✊🏾
.
If you are able to buy the physical book, do not purchase from Amazon. Support Black writers as directly as you can. Support Black owned bookstores."
Assata Shakur
Article by Bim Adewunmi
|
Written on the 40th anniversary of Assata Shakur's case that got her sentenced to life in prison, Bim Adewunmi details her life leading up to her radicalization and membership in the Black Liberation Army and her treatment while in prison before her escape.
Very amazing woman, and if you don't know much about her, this article is a good jumping off point! 
Read her autobiography here.
|
The Birmingham Church Bombing
|
|
from @context.project
In 1963, the KKK planted at least 15 sticks of dynamite under the steps of the 16th Street Baptist Church, a well-known African-American church. The bomb killed 4 young Black girls. And even though the FBI knew the identities of the 4 Klansmen who were behind the attack, no charges were brought against them until 1977, 2001, and 2002. 
Angela Davis knew some of the girls who died personally.
These acts still affect us today, history always repeats itself, so don't you dare insinuate that racism is gone when this happened in the lifetime of our parents. |
The Unfair Trial and Execution of George Stinney Jr.
|
|
from @context.project
George Stinney Jr. was the second youngest person to be killed under the death penalty - even though he was given an unfair trial. 
Click here to read an article by The Washington Post about it
|
Problematic History of the MET Museum
+ email template action steps
Photos taken from @anisatav on Instagram
Link to her thesis: bit.ly/anisathesis
Email: feedback@metmuseum.org
Link to her thesis: bit.ly/anisathesis
Email: feedback@metmuseum.org
Disclaimer:
Be careful about just copying and pasting email wording. Because they can use a filter to ignore those. So using your own words is good . Just changing a few words in the beginning of the email will get them through any potential filters!
Be careful about just copying and pasting email wording. Because they can use a filter to ignore those. So using your own words is good . Just changing a few words in the beginning of the email will get them through any potential filters!
The History of the Black Holiday Juneteenth
The TRUE independence day
venmo a black person in your life today ;)
venmo a black person in your life today ;)
Images taken from @mengwe
Watermelon Stereotype
Brown V. Board Consequence on Black Community
esp good for Central High School Community to know
The Racist Legacy of Breastfeeding
Images taken from @womenswellnessalliance on Instagram
Let's Talk About Colorism
|
|
Read Akilah Beasley's brief discussion of the history of colorism and how it has affected the relationships among Black women in America.
|
II. History of Environmental Racism
|
follow these organizations to learn more:
@cjaourpower @earthjustice @nrdc_org @greenaction_ej sources for this infographic: @unitedchurchofchrist’s study on hazardous waste sites: https://bit.ly/2Y4p0LO @ej4allnow’s analysis of chemical emergency danger zones: https://bit.ly/3fsPM6i @epagov’s study on air pollution disparities: https://bit.ly/30u2Hko @nrdc_org’s study on contaminated drinking water: https://on.nrdc.org/2Y1DED |
He said to the @guardian in 2018, “if we strive to eliminate racism and classism, as well as pollution and environmental degradation, then we are doing what we can to make sure communities are sustainable and livable. it takes a lot of work; it’s not a sprint. but it’s achievable if we view it as important.”
Click here to read the article
|
Both infographics taken from @cove on Instagram
I couldn't find his book Dumping in Dixie anywhere for free but I highly recommend that everybody check it out!
More Books about Environmental Racism
Book recommendations from @Jhanneu on Instagram
III. Racism in the Medical Community
Since all 4 of us are interested in a career in prehealth, it is imperative that we educate ourselves and those around us about the underlying racism embedded deep within the medical community and the history of hurt this field has brought to minorities in order to create a future generation of physicians that are trustworthy, practicing medicine fairly, compassionately, and skillfully without racial, gender, religious, socioeconomic, or any other bias..
Short History of Medical Racism
Some of the things that have happened under the approval of acclaimed medical boards still in operation today, with no compensation or apology for past behavior, is truly disturbing and hidden during our learning of American history. These experiments happened within lifetimes, it is NAIVE to think medical racism still does not exist today. It's important to learn about this history, not just so that we know, but so the people who suffered in the name of "science" live on in our strength, pride, and anger that we will direct into a better, changed future. Remember who they are, remember their stories, remember their injustice, and never forget or forgive.
You should be enraged.
You should be enraged.
Photos taken from @femislay on Instagram
Racism in Medicine
Really good, broader overviews or systemic racism in medicine and its effects on the Black Community
|
Images taken from @changingwomxn on Instagram
Changingwomxn created this guide to racism and health in partnership with the “how can you heal if you don’t know who is hurting?” campaign created by a coalition of Yale pre-health students, with post content overview by @marikorooks (with Yale pre-health students) and post design by @lourdesrohann ----
Coalition statement: The recent murders of George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, Breonna Taylor, Tony McDade, David McAtee, Sean Reed, and so many others, have illuminated that police brutality, as well as racism at large, is a public health crisis. Additionally, a Snapchat screenshot of a Yale pre-medical student (‘23) using anti-Black slurs & other incidents of hate demonstrate the pervasiveness of racism in this field. As future health professionals/physicians, racism endangers the lives and well-being of Black individuals, and it is vitally important that we address it NOW. |
Images taken from @womenswellnessalliance on Instagram
|
Sign a Petition!
|
Click here to access
"We call on the GMC to pass guidance requiring that course material in all medical schools must include ethnically diverse examples of case presentations - especially in clinically relevant instances where disease presentation differs between white and black and minority ethnic (BAME) patients. Clinical descriptions such as erythematous, pallor and rubor are not typical of all patients and students are often not taught otherwise. This is just one example. Medical teaching should be representative of the society we live in. The duty to deliver the highest quality of care extends to all members of the public and if medical education does not actively prepare students for this, this is inconsistent with such values. It is important that BAME patients are acknowledged consistently throughout teaching and not just in highly specific case studies.
|
White normativity in medical teaching means that medical students are often unprepared in recognizing signs of certain diseases in BAME patients that do not present in the same way as white patients and/or are not as clinically obvious. It also means that BAME students do not feel represented and included in their studies. Given that most medical schools only have a small proportion of BAME students (especially black students,) the lack of recognition of BAME patients in medical studies can feel increasingly isolating.
A pertinent example is the rash in children with meningococcemia, which is usually less visible in dark-skinned people. The teaching of the importance of- and often reliance on- this sign as a diagnostic indicator of meningitis can lead to delays in diagnosis in dark-skinned people, with often fatal consequences. There are countless other examples, such as in haematology, cardiology and many other aspects of medical care which all need to see an improvement in representation in teaching. We must be taught presentation and normality in all patients. Representation is important in all fields and it is vital in medicine, so that future doctors can provide the same high level of care to all patients and in doing so, work to bridge racial disparities in the medical field. Representation can quite literally save lives." 
|
Hidden Biases in Health care
How Healthcare Affects Black Women
Black women raise entire generations, change entire worlds, create new forms of life, and suffer the most at the hands of healthcare professionals. One of the place health starts is with maternal health. To change healthcare for a nation, let's improve the healthcare for our Black women.
hint: even if you have a black female gynecologist, YOU CAN HAVE RACIST NURSES
ALL OF IT HAS TO CHANGE
hint: even if you have a black female gynecologist, YOU CAN HAVE RACIST NURSES
ALL OF IT HAS TO CHANGE
Photos taken from @patiasfantasyworld on Instagram
Read More Articles
that was just a really short and simple infographic!
that was just a really short and simple infographic!
How Our Health Care System Treats Black Mothers Differently by
Shanoor Seervai
Click here to read
From The Commonwealth Fund, a private U.S. foundation whose stated purpose is to "promote a high performing health care system that achieves better access, improved quality, and greater efficiency, particularly for society's most vulnerable and the elderly."
from Wikipedia
from Wikipedia
|
African American women die of pregnancy-related causes at three times the rate for white women, even after accounting for income, education, and access to other resources.
What is it about being born black in America that leads to such outcomes? To answer this question, Shanoor Seervai interviews Kennetha Gaines, clinical nurse manager for UCSF Health in San Francisco, for the latest episode of The Dose podcast. Gaines, a Pozen Commonwealth Fund Fellow in Minority Health Leadership at Yale University, speaks candidly about her personal experiences and her work to transform the way health care providers treat black women. |
|
Racial and Ethnic Disparities Continue in Pregnancy-Related Deaths Black, American Indian/Alaska Native women most affected from CDC
Click Here to Access
"The U.S. finally has better maternal mortality data. Black mothers still fare the worst" by Elizabeth Chuck on Jan. 29, 2020,
The data are the first to be released since a maternal mortality checkbox was added to death certificates in all 50 states.
Click Here to access
For the first time, the United States has standardized maternal mortality data from all 50 states — a first step toward identifying ways to reduce pregnancy-related deaths across the country, experts say.
The data, released Thursday by the National Center for Health Statistics, show that the national maternal mortality rate — deaths caused or aggravated by pregnancy — was an estimated 17.4 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2018, when 658 women died.
The new statistics are similar to figures from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the umbrella agency for the National Center for Health Statistics. The CDC has found that about 700 women die from complications related to pregnancy or childbirth every year, putting the U.S. in last place among all developed nations in terms of maternal mortality.
The data, released Thursday by the National Center for Health Statistics, show that the national maternal mortality rate — deaths caused or aggravated by pregnancy — was an estimated 17.4 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2018, when 658 women died.
The new statistics are similar to figures from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the umbrella agency for the National Center for Health Statistics. The CDC has found that about 700 women die from complications related to pregnancy or childbirth every year, putting the U.S. in last place among all developed nations in terms of maternal mortality.
Black Mothers Keep Dying After Giving Birth. Shalon Irving's Story Explains Why by Nina Martin for NPR
Click Here to read more
" 'On a melancholy Saturday this past February, Shalon Irving's "village" — the friends and family she had assembled to support her as a single mother — gathered at a funeral home in a prosperous black neighborhood in southwest Atlanta to say goodbye.
The afternoon light was gray but bright, flooding through tall, arched windows and pouring past white columns, illuminating the flag that covered her casket. Sprays of callas and roses dotted the room like giant corsages, flanking photos from happier times: Shalon in a slinky maternity dress, sprawled across her couch with her puppy; Shalon, sleepy-eyed and cradling the tiny head of her newborn daughter, Soleil. In one portrait, Shalon wore a vibrant smile and the crisp uniform of the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, where she had been a lieutenant commander. Many of the mourners were similarly attired. Shalon's father, Samuel, surveyed the rows of somber faces from the lectern. "I've never been in a room with so many doctors," he marveled. "... I've never seen so many Ph.D.s.' "
The afternoon light was gray but bright, flooding through tall, arched windows and pouring past white columns, illuminating the flag that covered her casket. Sprays of callas and roses dotted the room like giant corsages, flanking photos from happier times: Shalon in a slinky maternity dress, sprawled across her couch with her puppy; Shalon, sleepy-eyed and cradling the tiny head of her newborn daughter, Soleil. In one portrait, Shalon wore a vibrant smile and the crisp uniform of the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, where she had been a lieutenant commander. Many of the mourners were similarly attired. Shalon's father, Samuel, surveyed the rows of somber faces from the lectern. "I've never been in a room with so many doctors," he marveled. "... I've never seen so many Ph.D.s.' "
Why middle-class black women dread the doctor’s office by Yasmin Anwar
A shorter interviewing highlighting how health disparities affect race no matter the socioeconomic background
from Berkeley News
from Berkeley News
Click here to read
In her new book Invisible Visits: Black Middle-Class Women in the American Healthcare System (Oxford University Press, 2019), Sacks, an assistant professor of social welfare at UC Berkeley, tells the often frightening human stories behind the statistics about delayed or denied diagnoses and/or treatment and high mortality rates among African Americans.
Invisible Visits is largely based on in-depth interviews Sacks conducted for her study “Performing Black womanhood: A qualitative study of stereotypes and the healthcare encounter,” which was published in 2017 in the journal Critical Public Health. |
|
|
|
